7味蒙药对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌体外抑菌试验研究

为筛选出对金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus,S. aureus）和大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli,E. coli）具有良好抑菌作用的蒙药,试验采用打孔法测定S. aureus和E. coli对石榴皮、诃子、小白蒿、黄芩、黄芪、苦参、铁线莲7味蒙药敏感程度,微量稀释法测定蒙药的最小抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC）,棋盘法测定敏感蒙药对S. aureus和E. coli的协同指数（fractional inhibitory concentration index,FICI）。结果显示：石榴皮、诃子、黄芩3味蒙药对S. aureus的抑菌圈直径为23.30~32.60 mm,MIC为0.98~7.80 mg/mL;石榴皮、诃子、黄芩3味蒙药对E. coli的抑菌圈直径为5.20~12.50 mm,MIC为7.80~31.50 mg/mL;石榴皮与诃子联合用药对S. aureus的FICI为1.00,为相加作用;诃子与黄芩、石榴皮分别联合用药对E. coli的FICI都为0.75,为相加作用。综上所述,石榴皮、诃子、黄芩3味蒙药对S. aureus综合抑菌效果达极度敏感或高度敏感;石榴皮、诃子、黄芩3味蒙药对E. coli综合抑菌效果达极度敏感或高度敏感;在抑制S. aureus的配方中石榴皮、黄芩、诃子可被优先考虑;在抑制E. coli的配方中黄芩、诃子、石榴皮可被优先考虑。     

东北地区春玉米临界氮浓度稀释曲线的建立和验证

过量施氮是目前玉米栽培中存在的普遍现象,基于临界氮浓度稀释曲线计算得出的氮营养指数是诊断氮营养丰缺的重要手段。基于东北地区4个生态点的试验数据,构建了东北地区春玉米临界氮稀释曲线,并在此基础上建立了氮营养指数模型和需氮量模型,结果表明,东北地区春玉米地上部临界氮浓度与生物量符合幂函数关系。利用独立试验资料对建立的临界氮浓度稀释曲线进行检验,发现基于临界氮浓度稀释模型计算的氮营养指数可以准确诊断玉米植株的氮营养状况,并计算出实时的氮素需求量。该研究建立的东北地区春玉米临界氮稀释模型可以为该地区春玉米的氮营养诊断和动态调控提供较好的理论和技术指导。     

单叶刺槐半同胞子代叶片的滞尘能力及叶表SEM特征分析

以单叶刺槐母本(A1-1)及6个叶形产生明显变异的半同胞子代无性系(A20-5、B24-3、C24-2、B23-1、C24-1、C23-1)新鲜叶片为材料,测定各样本的单位叶面积总颗粒物滞留量、颗粒物粒径分析及叶表微观结构SEM特征,通过相关性分析,筛选与滞尘能力相关的叶形及SEM指标,运用隶属函数法,依据各样本滞尘指标的隶属度均值对滞尘能力进行综合评价。结果表明:子代B23-1对空气中总颗粒物的滞留能力最强,C24-1对PM2.5的滞留能力最强,A20-5对PM2.5-10及PM>10的滞留能力最强;部分叶形及SEM特征指标与滞尘指标之间存在显著相关性;综合评价滞尘能力,全部样本可分为4类,第Ⅰ类为B23-1,滞尘能力强;第Ⅱ类为C24-1,滞尘能力较强;第Ⅲ类包括母本、A20-5、C23-1、C24-2,滞尘能力中等;第Ⅳ类为B24-3,滞尘能力相对较差。     

Soil available potassium affected by rice straw incorporation and potassium fertilizer application under a rice–oilseed rape rotation system

Data from 147 field trials were collected to study the influence of straw incorporation on soil potassium (K) under an intensive rice–oilseed rape rotation system, while pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of rice straw incorporation on soil K availability. A significant correlation was observed between the soil available K and the relative yield (RRY) and the relative K uptake (RKU) of oilseed rape, with R² values ranging from 0.07 to 0.08 and from 0.10 to 0.11, respectively, when data were fitted to a logarithmic equation model. In approximately 30% of trials, RRY reached 90%, while soil test available K values were below the critical limit, indicating that soil K values at the time of sampling (within 1 week of rice harvest) underestimated the actual soil K supply capacity. The pot experiment results showed that soil available K was affected by straw incorporation and soil type in the fallow period. The NH₄OAc‐K and NaBPh₄‐K concentrations of soils increased at first, and then, plateaued after 28 days. Straw incorporation significantly influenced the critical soil K concentration, which is important for making accurate K fertilizer recommendation. These results suggested that straw K should be seriously considered in making K fertilizer recommendations. Extending the sampling time from 1 to 3 weeks after the harvesting of rice to stabilize the effects of straw incorporation may help achieve a more accurate evaluation of soil available K.     

不同剂量药剂防治山楂梨小食心虫的综合效益评价

为有效防治山楂梨小食心虫,选用20%氰戊马拉松乳油(A1)、20%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂(A2)和10%阿维除虫脲乳油(A3)3种有代表性的农药,分别配以3种剂量即400倍液(B1)、800倍液(B2)和1 200倍液(B3),进行药剂喷施试验,以清水处理(B4)为对照,以好果率、好果产量、收入和净增纯收益4个农艺、经济指标为评价因素,对药剂防治综合经济效益进行同异分析。方差分析结果表明,3种药剂中,A2、A3防治效果(好果率)均较好,分别达到89.99%和89.94%;3种剂量之间无显著差异,防治效果在92.50%~95.83%。对好果率、好果产量、收入和净增纯收益4个因素的同异分析结果表明,A2B1综合效果最好,达到优良水平,其后依次为A2B2、A3B2、A3B3、A2B3、A3B1和A1B1,达到较好水平,以上7个处理的净增纯收益在8 626.5~13 615.5元/hm2。     

重庆南温泉洗浴废水用作植物灌溉水的可行性研究

重庆市温泉资源丰富,温泉洗浴废水运用于绿地灌溉可以节约成本,缓解城市的水危机。温泉洗浴废水对植物生长有正负两方面的影响,与植物的种类,温泉洗浴废水的水质等因素有关。实验以重庆市常见的两种绿地植物——冷水花木春菊为研究对象,对温泉洗浴废水中影响植物生长的pH、固体悬浮物、高锰酸钾,总溶解性固体4个常见指标进行了浓度值对比实验。运用对相对电导率拟合Logistic方程求半致死浓度值的方法,确定绿地植物所能耐受的上限阀值。以此为基础对温泉废水进行相关处理,使温泉废水既可以达到灌溉绿地的水质标准,又能最大限度地降低废水处理成本,从而充分利用水资源。     

In vitro susceptibility of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae to organic acids and essential oil components

The antibacterial potential of organic acids and essential oil components against Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the causative pathogen of swine dysentery, was evaluated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 15 compounds were determined at pH 7.2 and pH 6.0, using a broth microdilution assay. In addition, possible synergism was determined. MIC values for the three tested strains were similar. For organic acids, MIC values at pH 6.0 were lower than at pH 7.2. B. hyodysenteriae was most sensitive to cinnamaldehyde and lauric acid, with MIC values <1.5 mM. Most antibacterial effects of binary combinations were additive, however, for thymol and carvacrol, synergism could be observed. In vitro results demonstrate the antibacterial action of certain essential oil components and organic acids against B. hyodysenteriae.     

拟除虫菊酯和有机磷农药对三种扇贝稚贝的急性毒性效应

采用静水实验法测定拟除虫菊酯类和有机磷类农药对三种扇贝稚贝的急性毒性效应.结果表明:联苯菊酯对海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝稚贝24 h的LC50的分别为1.460、1.662和2.909 mg/L;辛琉磷对海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝稚贝24 h的LC50的分别44.598、182.167和39.334 μg/L;马拉...     

Dynamic change of mineral nutrient content in different plant organs during the grain filling stage in maize grown under contrasting nitrogen supply

The introduction of new hybrids and integrated crop-soil management has been causing maize grain yield to increase. However, less attention has been paid on the nutrient concentration of the grain; this aspect is of great importance to supplying calories and nutrients in the diets of both humans and animals worldwide. Increasing the retranslocation of nutrients from vegetative organs to grain can effectively increase the nutrient concentration of grain and general nutrient use efficiency. The present study involved monitoring the dynamic change of macro- and micronutrients in different organs of maize during the grain filling stage. In addition, the mobility of different elements and their contribution to grain nutrient content were evaluated in a 2-year experiment under low (LN, no N supplied) and high N (HN, 180 kg N ha⁻¹) supply. Under HN supply, the net remobilization efficiency (RE) of the vegetative organs as a whole (calculated as nutrient remobilization amount divided by nutrient content at silking) of N, P, K, Mn, and Zn were 44%, 60%, 13%, 15%, and 25%, respectively. The other nutrients (Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B) showed a net accumulation in the vegetative organs as a whole during the grain filling stage. Among the different organs, N, P, and Zn were remobilized more from the leaves (RE of 44%, 51% and 43%, respectively) and the stalks (including leaf sheaths and tassels) (RE of 48%, 71% and 43%, respectively). K was mainly remobilized from the leaves with RE of 51%. Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Cu were mostly remobilized from the stalks with the RE of 23%, 9%, 10%, 42%, and 28%, respectively. However, most of the remobilized Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were translocated to the husk and cob, which seemingly served as the buffer sink for these nutrients. The REs of all the nutrients except for P, K, and Zn were vulnerable to variations in conditions annually and were reduced when the grain yield and harvest index were lower in 2014 compared with 2013. Under LN stress, the RE was reduced in P and Zn in 2013, increased in Cu and unchanged in other nutrients. The concentration of these nutrients in the grain was either unchanged (P, K, Ca, Zn, and B) or decreased (N, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cu). It is concluded that grain N, P, K, Mn, and Zn, but not Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B concentration, can be improved by increasing their remobilization from vegetative organs. However, enhancing the senescence of maize plant via LN stress seems unable to increase grain mineral nutrient concentration. Genetic improvement aiming to increase nutrient remobilization should take into account the organ-specific remobilization pattern of the target nutrient.     

北方森林细根对氮沉降和二氧化碳浓度升高的响应

北方森林是全球第二大生物群区,约占全球森林面积的30%,尽管其细根生物量仅占森林生态系统很小的一部分,但其周转率更快,更易分解,因此,其对土壤碳循环和大气CO_2通量贡献很大。笔者综述了氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的背景数据,总结了细根对二者变化的响应,主要从细根的形态特征、解剖结构和生理功能方面入手,探讨了其对氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的响应。结论如下:(1)大气氮沉降量一直处于上升状态,与人类活动密切相关的有机氮量所占比例逐渐加大,而无机氮中NH_4~-N和NO_3~-N的变化趋势表现不同;(2)大气CO_2浓度一直呈上升趋势,细根形态特征、解剖结构和生理功能对其表现出明显的响应;(3)树种、年龄、土壤类型等都会改变细根形态、解剖结构和生理功能对氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的响应结果,但改变的程度不同。研究结果可为北方森林乃至温带森林生态系统功能对氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的响应提供参考依据和数据支持。